Abstract
Background::
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells within a single organ or multiple organs. This case report aims to improve the knowledge of the presentation of gastrointestinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis to facilitate the diagnosis and management of this rare disorder.
Case presentation::
A 19-month-old female presented with repeatedly mucinous bloody stools. The abdominal ultrasound revealed a slightly enlarged spleen. The initial colonoscopy revealed chronic enteritis with a very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. After anti-inflammatory treatment without improvement, an intestinal biopsy was performed at The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. The final intestinal biopsy and histopathology examination confirmed the presence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. After diagnosis, additional lung and head imaging examinations revealed no abnormalities. Her condition improved gradually after being treated with chemotherapy (vincristine and prednisone) and molecular-targeted drug(dalafinil) treatment.
Conclusion::
The clinical symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract are not specific and may resemble symptoms observed in inflammatory bowel disease and other primary gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, in cases of infants presenting with inflammatory gastrointestinal symptoms that do not resolve after treatment, a biopsy is essential to obtain a differential diagnosis.
Background
Histiocytosis is a group of rare diseases characterized by inflammation and accumulation of cells derived from monocytes and macrophages in different tissues. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is the most common histiocytosis and occurs as a result of abnormal differentiation or proliferation of mononuclear phagocytic system cells [1]. LCH occurs mainly in girls below 2 years old. The disease has an incidence rate of about 5 per million [2]. LCH can develop in any location but tends to occur more frequently in bones, skin, pituitary, lungs, and lymph nodes. LCH rarely involves the digestive tract [3]. In this report, we describe a rare case of a 19-month-old female with LCH who presented with stubborn diarrhea and bloody stool.
Case presentation
A 19-month-old female presented with diarrhea for more than 10 months, 4 to 5 times a day, and no vomiting. The blood routine examination at the external hospital showed a decrease in hemoglobin, and a negative Coombs test. No abnormalities were detected in the bone marrow biopsy. An abdominal ultrasound revealed an enlarged spleen measuring 10 cm × 9 cm × 2 cm. No abnormalities were detected in the other organs. The patient was diagnosed with infectious diarrhea and treated with cefotaxime, imipenem, and vancomycin. Following the treatment, the diarrhea improved slightly. However, after some time the patient started to experience diarrhea with mucus and bloody stools, 4 to 5 times a day. A colonoscopy was performed which revealed proctitis. Pathological examination showed active inflammation of the rectal mucosa, accompanied by small vessel congestion and bleeding. The fecal test showed a positive result for Clostridioides difficile toxin. Based on these findings we thought that the patients might be suffering from infectious diarrhea, and did not consider the possibility that the patient may have an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore the patient was treated with anti-inflammatories. Although, initially the patient experienced some improvements, the patient relapsed after some time. Two months later a second colonoscopy was performed which revealed similar changes. Nevertheless, the tissue samples obtained during the colonoscopy revealed chronic active inflammation in the colon, accompanied by focal granuloma formation. The two pathological biopsies confirmed the presence of inflammatory changes and no tumor cells were found. Therefore we suspected that the patient was suffering very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD). Despite being treated with vancomycin, metronidazole, thalidomide, and prednisone, the therapeutic response remained unsatisfactory. The patient was admitted to our hospital on 21 August 2023. A clinical examination revealed normal hemoglobin levels, no skin abnormalities, and no lymph node swelling. However, the patient had an enlarged spleen and was underweight. The immediate family members of the child had no history of genetic diseases. A third colonoscopy was performed and showed diffuse congestion and edema of the total colon mucosa, erythema, and superficial ulcers. Therefore, multiple biopsies of the ileocecal region, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum were obtained. The pathological results showed normal intestinal mucosa crypt structure with no significant reduction in the glandular structure of the mucosal lamina propria. These cells were evenly dispersed within the stroma and had an irregular nucleus and a pale, granular cytoplasm. Additionally, minor eosinophilic infiltration (approximately 10/high-power field) was observed in localized areas of the stroma. The immunohistochemical (IHC) results were positive for CD1a, S-100, CD68 and CD163. The Ki-67 marker showed a highly proliferative index. However, the IHC results for the CD30, ALK, CD117, CKpan, and CD138 tumor markers were negative (Figure 1). The BRAF p.V600E gene mutation was detected by fluorescence Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) method (Figure 2). The immunohistochemical and BRAF p.V600E mutation results support the diagnosis of intestinal LCH. The computed tomography (CT) of the lungs and brain showed no abnormalities, except for LCH involvement of the intestine and spleen. Therefore, the girl was diagnosed with intestinal LCH with spleen involvement. After the diagnosis of this disease, the patient was treated with vincristine and prednisone chemotherapy drugs, as well as BRAF inhibitor dalafinil, for 2 months. The treatment significantly reduced the patient’s intestinal bleeding and diarrhea. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a reduction in the size of the spleen, indicating a gradual improvement in the patient’s condition.
FIGURE 1
HE slides showing loose lamina propria strome within the ileocecal mucosa, evenly distributed powdery stained cells, and inflammatory eosinophil cell infiltration (Magnification ×400). IHC staining showing positive expression to CD1a in atypical cells (Magnification ×100).
FIGURE 2
Fluorescence polymerase chain reaction amplification plot showing a BRAF gene mutation of the p.V600E type.The X-axis represents the cycle time (ct), and the Y-axis represents the fluorescence intensity.FAM and VIN are two fluorescent labels. A patient is deemed to have the BRAF p.V600E mutation if the amplification curve of the FAM signal is S-shaped and the mutation ct value is above 26.
Discussion
The PubMed and Medbooks electronic databases were searched using the keywords “Langerhans cell histiocytosis,” “Digestive tract,” and “Intestine” to identify relevant research articles and case reports published in English between 1990 and 2023. The search strategy revealed 45 research papers. These papers included a total of 27 LCH cases involving the gastrointestinal tract in children under the age of 2 years. Table 1 summarizes the clinicalfeatures, treatment, and outcome of the 27 cases [4–24]. Majority of the cases were females, 21/27 (78%). Rash, diarrhea, vomiting and failure to thrive were the most common presenting features. Other presenting features were lungs, liver, spleen and bone involvement. Of these 27 cases, the outcome was not known in one case. Of the remaining 26 cases, 15 (58%) remissioned, 11 (42%) died.
TABLE 1
| Case | Refs | Age | Sex | Presenting symptoms | GI involvement | Other organ involvement | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wang et al. [4] | 10 mo | F | Rash, diarrhea | colon | Skin | Vinblastin, prednisone | NAD |
| 2 | Wang et al. [4] | 5 mo | F | Rash, diarrhea, hematochezia | ileocecal, descending colon, rectum | Skin, lung | Vinblastin, prednisone, dabrafenib | NAD |
| 3 | Zei et al. [5] | 16 mo | F | Rash, diarrhea, vomiting | Duodenum, jejunum, colon | Skin, bone | Prednisolone, vinblastine | NAD |
| 4 | AbdullG-affar et al. [6] | 11 mo | M | Rash, diarrhea, vomiting, edema, malnutrition | Colon | Skin, liver, spleen, gallbladder, lungs, ears | Prednisolone, vinblastin | PR |
| 5 | Hait et al. [7] | 1 mo | F | Rash, rectal bleeding | Rectum, sigmoid colon | Skin, liver, spleen | Methotrexate, mercaptopurine, vinblastine, steroids | Died at 13 mo |
| 6 | Mayumi et al. [8] | 9 mo | F | Rash, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, edema | Small intestine | Skin | Cytarabine, vincristine, prednisolone, 2-CdA | NAD |
| 7 | Shima et al. [9] | 11 mo | F | Diarrhea, vomiting, edema | Colon | Skin, lung, liver, spleen | Vincristine, cytosine, arabinoside, prednisolone | CR |
| 8 | Levy et al. [10] | 9 mo | F | Rash, edema, fever, otitis media | Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon | Skin, liver, mandible | Steroids, mercaptopurine | NAD |
| 9 | Godoy et al. [11] | 5 mo | F | Rash, FTT, rectal bleeding | Rectum, sigmoid colon | Skin, liver, spleen | No treatment commented | No Commen-ted |
| 10 | Fang et al. [12] | 16 mo | F | Rash, FTT, diarrhea | Stomach, duodenum, rectum | Skin | Vincristine, cytababine, prednisone | NAD |
| 11 | Miller et al. [13] | 4 mo | F | Rash, diarrhea, fever, edem, vomiting | Duodenum, colon | Skin, liver | Vinblastine, prednisone | NAD |
| 12 | Choi et al. [14] | 8 mo | M | Rash, fever, FTT,diarrhea, vomiting | Stomach, duodenum, colon | Skin, liver, spleen | Vinblastine, prednisone, 2-CdA | NAD |
| 13 | Lv et al. [15] | 2 mo | M | Rash, diarrhea, hematochezia | Skin biopsy LCH+ | Skin, ear, liver | Prednisone, vinblastine | Died at 3 mo |
| 14 | Boccon-Gibod et al. [16] | At birth | M | Rash, anemia, FTT | Duodenum, rectum | Skin, liver | Vinblastine, etoposide | Died at 17 wk |
| 15 | Boccon-Gibod et al. [16] | 16 mo | F | Rash, fever, diarrhea | Stomach, duodenum, sigmoid colon | Skin, liver, spleen | Steroid, vinblastine, etoposide | CR |
| 16 | Gilmore et al. [17] | 16 mo | F | Rash, fever, diarrhea, vomiting | Duodenum, colon | Skin, liver, spleen, skull, bone marrow | Prednisone, vinblastine, alpha interferon, solumedrol | CR |
| 17 | Santos-Machado et al. [18] | 24 mo | F | Rash, diarrhea | No colonoscopy, Skin and bone marrow biopsy LCH+ | Skin, liver, spleen, bone marrow | Vinblastine, methotrexate, prednisone, etoposide | Died at 26 mo |
| 18 | Santos-Machado et al. [18] | 24 mo | M | Rash, jaundice, fever, pallor, diarrhea, loss of weight | No colonoscopy, palatal biopsy LCH+ | Skin, liver | Prednisone, chlorambucil, hydroxyurea, cyclophosphamide | Died at 29 mo |
| 19 | Carlier-Mercier et al. [19] | At birth | F | Rash, vomiting, diarrhea | Rectum | Skin, liver, spleen, bone marrow | Steroids, vinblastine, cyarabine, etoposide, vincristine | Died at 32 mo |
| 20 | Patel et al. [20] | At birth | F | Rash, diarrhea | Jejunum | Skin, lung, bone | Unspecified chemotherapy | NAD |
| 21 | Geissma-nn et al. [21] | At birth | F | Rash, diarrhea, bloody stools | Colon, rectum | Skin, liver | Steroids, vinblastine, anti-CD1 | Died at 3.5 mo |
| 22 | Geissma-nn et al. [21] | At birth | M | Rash, vomiting | Duodenum | Skin, liver | Steroids, vinblastine, etoposide, interferon-a | Died at 4 mo |
| 23 | Lee et al. [22] | At birth | F | Rash, bloody diarrhea | Rectum | Skin, bone, lung, liver, spleen | No treatment commented | Died at 16 wk |
| 24 | Lee et al. [22] | At birth | F | Rash, diarrhea | Rectum | Skin | Steroids, vinblastine, mercaptopurine, etoposide | Died at 10 mo |
| 25 | Yadav et al. [23] | 22 mo | F | Rash, fever, vomiting, diarrhea | Duodenal, colon | Skin, liver, spleen, bone marrow | Vinblastine, prednisolone | CR |
| 26 | Yadav et al. [23] | 17 mo | F | Fever, FTT, frequent loose stools | Duodenal, colon | Skin, liver, spleen, skull | Vinblastine, prednisolone, etoposide, cytarabine, 2-CdA | PR |
| 27 | Vetter-Laracy et al | At birth | F | Rash, diarrhea | Colon, rectum | Skin, lung, bone | Steroids, vinblastine, mercaptopurine | NAD |
Summary of reported cases of LCH with gastrointestinal tract involvement.
F, female; M, male; mo, month; wk, weeks; FTT, failure to thrive; 2-CdA, 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine; NAD, non-active disease; CR, complete remission; PR, partial remission.
In this case study we reported on a 19-month-old female diagnosed with a rare case of LCH involving the entire colon. The 27 cases were found in the literature are similar to our case study. In the cases documented in the literature, we found that the intestinal symptoms of LCH patients with digestive tract involvement often mimic symptoms seen in other intestinal disorders. Colonoscopy can present polyp-like morphology, as well as display changes such as mucosal edema, superficial erosion, and bleeding ulcers. Due to the lack of specificity in the clinical features of the intestinal mucosa, a multi-point biopsy under colonoscopy guidance is often required to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Histologically, LCH presents as a mild to moderate decrease in glands in the lamina propria of the mucosa, with Langerhans cells distributed in patches or a diffuse pattern. Under high magnification, Langerhans cells exhibit a distinctive coffee bean-shaped convoluted nucleus with grooves and a pale, granular cytoplas. The stroma is usually mixed with a large number of eosinophils. The Langerhans cells express S100 protein, CD1a, langerin, and CD68. Ultrastructurally, Birbeck particles can be seen [25].
The colonoscopy of our patient revealed a diffuse distribution of erosion and ulcers throughout the entire colon. Among the five sites of the third intestinal biopsy, only the ileocecal, sigmoid, and rectal biopsies showed a mild reduction in the intrinsic glands of the lamina propria, and cells had the characteristic coffee bean-shaped nucleus of Langerhans cells evenly distributed in the lamina propria, while the transverse and descending colon biopsies did not show typical morphology. The histopathological analysis showed the characteristic nuclear groove of LCH and the IHC analysis was positive for the S-100, CD1a, and CD68 markers. These findings confirm that multiple biopsies are often required to diagnose LCH as the tissue sample obtained from a single-point biopsy may not have enough morphological changes to confirm the diagnosis.
The presence of abnormal Langerhans cells within the intestines could be used to differentiate LCH from other gastrointestinal disorders such as Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’s Disease, Mastocytosis, and Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. The ulcerative colitis lesions tend to be evenly distributed within the rectum and sigmoid colon. Under the microscope, lesions associated with ulcerative colitis typically display a twisted morphology accompanied by atrophic crypts. The mucosa surface of the large intestine often appears villous, with a notable infiltration of plasma cells within the mucosa. In contrast, Crohn’s disease predominantly affects the distal ileum. Lesions in Crohn’s disease are typically discontinuous and present a “cobblestone-like” appearance. Microscopic examination reveals patchy chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, irregular crypts, multiple segmental involvements, and the presence of Noncaseous granulomas. The digestive symptoms of IBD and LCH are very similar. Therefore, IHC staining for the S-100 protein, CD1a, and langerin markers is essential to obtain a differential diagnosis [26]. Mastocytosis mainly refers to the abnormal proliferation of mast cells within the mucosa. Mast cells can exhibit a series of forms, similar to histiocytes, and may also have obvious eosinophil infiltration. However, these cells express CD117 [27]. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma also exhibits irregular nuclei and kidney-shaped cells. The lymphoid histiocyte pattern of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma also contains a large number of histiocytes. However, these cells express T cell, CD30, and ALK markers. Due to the unique immunohistochemical characteristics of LCH, immunohistochemistry is crucial for highlighting these subtle features and excluding other similar lesions. Additionally, our patient fecal test showed a positive result for Clostridioides difficile infection. This iatrogenic infection may have been precipitated by the administration of antibiotics used to treat the diarrhea before fecal examination.
LCH continues to be a subject of active research and exploration. Abnormal activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway was found in most LCH patients. About 60% of the MAPK pathway alterations in LCH have been attributed to the BRAF p.V600E gene mutations. As a result, BRAF inhibitors have been shown to have significant therapeutic effects on LCH patients with BRAF p.V600E gene mutations [28]. Our patient also carried the BRAF p.V600E mutation and responded well to molecular-targeted drug therapy with dalafinil.
LCH can involve single or multiple organs. The prognosis of LCH depends on the number of organ systems involved, the degree of involvement, and the age of the patient [29]. Yadav et al. reported that patients with multiple-system LCH have a worse mortality rate than those with single-system LCH (40% versus 7%). However, patients with gastrointestinal LCH are classified as having multi-system disease and tend to have a worse prognosis with a mortality rate of 55.5%. If other major organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow are involved, the mortality rate increases to 78.5%. Therefore, when detecting LCH in the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to rule out the presence of other system involvement. At this point, supplementary imaging examinations including abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray, and skeletal X-rays are essential to exclude multiple system involvement. If the patient presents with bicytopenia, pancytopenia, or persistent unexplained single cytopenia, a bone marrow biopsy should be performed [30]. The majority (93%) of LCH patients with digestive tract involvement experience skin lesions, and among these patients, over 80% prioritize presenting gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by skin lesions [31]. The appearance of a rash has important implications for the diagnosis of LCH. The 27 patients in Table 1 were all accompanied by skin lesions, however, our patient did not present with a rash that could indicate LCH. In addition, our patient did not have any osteolytic changes or lung lesions. At the beginning of the disease, the patient only presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and did not have the typical features of LCH such as rash and bone involvement. However, the patient had mild splenomegaly. For LCH with multiple system involvement, it is recommended to use first-line chemotherapy regimens of vincristine and prednisone. Although the prognosis of patients with LCH and gastrointestinal disorders tends to be poor, our patient responded well to chemotherapy and BRAF inhibitors. After 2 months of treatment, the condition of the patient gradually improved. We will continue to monitor the patient and the treatment will be adjusted according to the condition of the patient.
Conclusion
The clinical manifestation of gastrointestinal LCH in children is not specific, thus making it difficult to distinguish it from other gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, for young patients who present with gastrointestinal symptoms that do not respond to conventional treatment, multiple biopsies under colonoscopy guidance with IHC and molecular testing should be performed to exclude LCH. In addition, since LCH can affect multiple organs, other symptoms such as skin rash, spleen enlargement, and the presence of osteolytic or lung lesions should also be monitored as they could also indicate LCH. We believe that the findings of this case report could improve the differential diagnosis and management of LCH in young children with gastrointestinal symptoms.
Statements
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research at the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the minor(s)’ legal guardian/next of kin for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. Written informed consent was obtained from the participant/patient(s) for the publication of this case report.
Author Contributions
YL designed the case report protocol, reviewed the existing literature, and drafted the paper. ZC conducted the histopathological diagnosis. LW conducted immunohistochemistry and molecular testing. BL reviewed the manuscript and substantively revised it. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank TopEdit (www.topeditsci.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
LCH, Langerhans cell histiocytosis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; VEO-IBD, very early onset inflammatory bowel disease; CT, Computed Tomography; IHC, immunohistochemical; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ARMS, Amplification Refractory Mutation System; ct, cycle time; MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; GI, gastrointestinal.
References
1
Allen CE Merad M McClain KL . Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med (2018) 379(9):856–68. 10.1056/NEJMra1607548
2
Matsubara Y Kobayashi M Hijikata Y Ota Y Hirata Y Lim LA et al Gastrointestinal lesion in adult-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Int J Clin Oncol (2020) 25(11):1945–50. 10.1007/s10147-020-01739-1
3
Wang L Yang F Ding Y Lu L Li H Cui Y et al Gastrointestinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis with unifocal, single-system involvement in adults: cases report and literature review. J Clin Lab Anal (2022) 36(12):e24765. 10.1002/jcla.24765
4
Wang H Wang Y Wang R Li X . Case report: two infant cases of langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the digestive tract. Front Pediatr (2021) 24(9):545771. 10.3389/fped.2021.545771
5
Zei M Meyers AB Boyd KP Larson-Nath C Suchi M . Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the digestive tract identified on an upper gastrointestinal examination. Pediatr Radiol (2016) 46(9):1341–4. 10.1007/s00247-016-3558-2
6
Abdullgaffar B Al-Murbati B Al-Falasi M Al-Otaibi L . Unsuspected Langerhans cell histiocytosis can be easily missed in a colonic biopsy. Fetal Pediatr Pathol (2014) 33(2):98–103. 10.3109/15513815.2013.864349
7
Hait E Liang M Degar B Glickman J Fox VL . Gastrointestinal tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: case report and literature review. Pediatrics (2006) 118(5):e1593–9. 10.1542/peds.2006-0708
8
Mayumi A Imamura T Sakamoto K Ota T Osone S Usami I et al Successful treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine of refractory pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis with initial involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Hematol (2019) 110(6):756–62. 10.1007/s12185-019-02711-0
9
Shima H Takahashi T Shimada H . Protein-losing enteropathy caused by gastrointestinal tract-involved Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatrics (2010) 125(2):e426–32. 10.1542/peds.2009-1742
10
Levy J Khaskelberg A Garvin J . Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involving the gastrointestinal tract: a clinical-electrogastrographic correlation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (2001) 33(4):511–4. 10.1097/00005176-200110000-00020
11
Godoy MM Fernandes M Halenda GM Javid G Ngo PD . Gastrointestinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (2014) 59(2):e17. 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000027
12
Fang J Chen J Deng C Li J Huang T Li Y et al Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a pediatric patient with simultaneous gastrointestinal and skin involvement: a case report and literature review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol (2023) 42(3):483–7. 10.1080/15513815.2022.2142488
13
Miller M Iyer R Bishop P Nowicki M . Protein-losing enteropathy due to intestinal and colonic involvement with langerhans cell histiocytosis and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr (Phila) (2014) 53(1):89–94. 10.1177/0009922813492884
14
Choi SW Bangaru BS Wu CD Finlay JL . Gastrointestinal involvement in disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with durable complete response to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and high-dose cytarabine. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol (2003) 25(6):503–6. 10.1097/00043426-200306000-00016
15
Lv X Wang L Pi Z Zhang C . Langerhans cell histiocytosis misdiagnosed as cow protein allergy: a case report. BMC Pediatr (2021) 21(1):469. 10.1186/s12887-021-02921-8
16
Boccon-Gibod LA Krichen H Carlier-Mercier L Salaun JF Fontaine JL Leverger GR . Digestive tract involvement with exudative enteropathy in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Pathol (1992) 12:515–24. 10.3109/15513819209024201
17
Gilmore BS Cohen M . Barium enema findings in a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the colon. Pediatr Radiol (1993) 23(8):589–90. 10.1007/BF02014971
18
Santos-Machado TM Cristófani LM Almeida MT Maluf PT Costa PA Pereira MA et al Disseminated Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and massive protein-losing enteropathy. Braz J Med Biol Res (1999) 32(9):1095–9. 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000900007
19
Carlier-Mercier L Fontaine JL Boccon-Gibod L Girardet JP Josset P Gouraud F et al A rare cause of neonatal exudative enteropathy: congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X). Arch Fr Pediatr (1992) 49(3):199–201.
20
Patel BJ Chippindale AJ Gupta SC . Case report: small bowel histiocytosis-X. Clin Radiol (1991) 44(1):62–3. 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)80231-4
21
Geissmann F Thomas C Emile JF Micheau M Canioni D Cerf-Bensussan N et al Digestive tract involvement in langerhans cell histiocytosis. The French langerhans cell histiocytosis study group. J Pediatr (1996) 129(6):836–45. 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70027-6
22
Lee RG Braziel RM Stenzel P . Gastrointestinal involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X): diagnosis by rectal biopsy. Mod Pathol (1990) 3(2):154–7.
23
Yadav SP Kharya G Mohan N Sehgal A Bhat S Jain S et al Langerhans cell histiocytosis with digestive tract involvement. Pediatr Blood Cancer (2010) 55(4):748–53. 10.1002/pbc.22663
24
Vetter-Laracy S Salinas JA Martin-Santiago A Guibelalde M Balliu PR . Digestive tract symptoms in congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a fatal condition in an illness usually considered benign. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol (2014) 36(6):426–9. 10.1097/MPH.0b013e31829f35ad
25
Yan F Zhou Q Gao Y Chang H Li X Li Y et al Isolated Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the stomach: a case report and literature review. Int J Clin Exp Pathol (2018) 11(12):5962–8.
26
Singhi AD Montgomery EA . Gastrointestinal tract Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic study of 12 patients. Am J Surg Pathol (2011) 35(2):305–10. 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31820654e4
27
Durham BH . Molecular characterization of the histiocytoses: neoplasia of dendritic cells and macrophages. Semin Cell Dev Biol (2019) 86:62–76. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.002
28
Kobayashi M Tojo A . Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults: advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Cancer Sci (2018) 109(12):3707–13. 10.1111/cas.13817
29
Behdad A Owens SR . Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med (2014) 138(10):1350–2. 10.5858/arpa.2014-0290-CC
30
McClain KL Bigenwald C Collin M Haroche J Marsh RA Merad M et al Histiocytic disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers (2021) 7(1):73. 10.1038/s41572-021-00307-9
31
Yoon HS Lee JH Michlitsch J Garcia-Carega M Jeng M . Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the gastrointestinal tract: evidence for risk organ status. J Pediatr (2019) 212:66–72. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.003
Summary
Keywords
Langerhans cell histiocytosis, histiocytosis, intestine, infant, case report
Citation
Liu Y, Chen Z, Wang L and Li B (2024) Intestinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting with symptoms similar to inflammatory bowel disease: a case report. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 30:1611705. doi: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611705
Received
27 January 2024
Accepted
15 March 2024
Published
28 March 2024
Volume
30 - 2024
Edited by
Gabor Cserni, University of Szeged, Hungary
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Liu, Chen, Wang and Li.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Baizhou Li, libaizhou@zju.edu.cn
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.